{"id":12005,"date":"2019-01-03T13:11:36","date_gmt":"2019-01-03T18:11:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/?p=12005"},"modified":"2019-11-25T13:19:13","modified_gmt":"2019-11-25T18:19:13","slug":"in-fimo-finally-a-name-for-the-experimental-examination-of-excrement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/news\/in-fimo-finally-a-name-for-the-experimental-examination-of-excrement\/","title":{"rendered":"In Fimo: Finally a Name for the Experimental Examination of Excrement"},"content":{"rendered":"

You\u2019ve heard of \u201cin vitro<\/i>\u201d (the study of things in test tubes) and \u201cin vivo<\/i>\u201d (the study of things in a living system). Now meet \u201cin fimo<\/i>,\u201d a new scientific term coined by researchers at the UNC School of Medicine and Notre Dame University to mean \u201cexcrement examined experimentally.\u201d Their proposal was published<\/a> in the journal Gastroenterology<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Why, you might ask, do we need a scientifically accurate term based in Latin for the study of poop? The answer is quite simple: because so many scientific words are based in Latin and there hasn\u2019t been one for the experimental study of excrement, even though the scientific study of human waste is now at the forefront of biomedical research. Our stools can tell us a lot about what\u2019s going on inside our gastrointestinal systems because in excrement we find a diverse sampling of the bacteria populating our guts. And all of these microbes \u2013 scientifically referred to as the microbiota \u2013 can be quite important to human health.<\/p>\n

For instance, when our bacterial composition is out of balance, the results can range from the mildly unpleasant to the wildly serious. There\u2019s strong evidence that gut bacteria play important roles in weight gain, eating disorders, cancers, gut diseases, and even autism. Studying these bacteria has become extremely important. Yet, when discussing this work in scientific papers, researchers have not been as accurate in their terminology as scientists are known to be.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Aadra Bhatt PhD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When Aadra Bhatt, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at UNC-Chapel Hill, realized the need for a proper term, she set out to find one. But as can happen while digging into Latin, the pursuit of a proper name for the experimental study of poop became soiled with impurities. Bhatt enlisted the help of Luca Grillo, PhD, a classics professor at Notre Dame, formerly of UNC-Chapel Hill, to help investigate the Latin roots of the word \u201cmanure.\u201d Turns out, those pesky Romans had no less than four Latin terms for \u201cmanure\u201d \u2013 laetamen, merda, stercus, <\/i>and fimus<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Bhatt and Grillo traced laetamen <\/i>to the Latin root laetus<\/i>, which means \u201cfertile, rich, happy.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cFor all its cheerful associations with joy,\u201d Grillo said. \u201cWe had to resist the temptation to use \u2018in Laetamine<\/i>\u2019 as our term of choice because it seems to have been more related to farm animal dung.\u201d<\/p>\n

Merda<\/i> also didn\u2019t smell right. It\u2019s remained unchanged in Romance languages as a reference to poop \u2013 merde<\/i> in French, mierda<\/i> in Spanish, and merda<\/i> in Italian \u2013 possibly derived from a root word smerd\/smord<\/i>, from which came the Old English derivatives \u201cstinkan\u201d and the current English words of \u201cstink\u201d and \u201cstench.\u201d<\/p>\n

With two terms down the drain, Bhatt researched stercus<\/i> and fimus<\/i>. Both are older than laetamen<\/i> and were never used to refer to stench. Bhatt and Grillo found that the word stercus<\/i> was used broadly in ancient times, including as a term of abuse. It also seems to share the root word from which \u201cscatology\u201d originated. And scatology refers to \u201cobscene literature.\u201d<\/p>\n

Originally, Romans used the term fimus<\/i> less than stercus<\/i>, and fimus<\/i> seemed to refer strictly to the use of manure in agriculture. But, the key Roman writers Virgil, Livy, and Tacitus used fimus <\/i>and never stercus<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u201cFimus<\/i>, then, with its technical accuracy and literary ring made us opt for \u201cin fimo\u201d<\/i> as our scientific term of choice for the experimental examination of excrement,\u201d Bhatt said.<\/p>\n

Sticks in the mud of modernity might ask, \u201cwhy not just use \u2018fecal\u2019 or \u2018in feco<\/i>?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

Because both are wrong. Grillo said, \u201cFaex<\/i> never meant \u201cexcrement\u201d in Latin, and its derivative, \u2018feces,\u2019 did not enter English usage until the 17th<\/sup> century, when it first referred to the dregs at the bottom of a wine cask or other storage vessels.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Co-author Matthew Redinbo, PhD, William R. Kenan Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genomics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

And so, Bhatt and colleagues \u2013 including UNC co-author Matthew Redinbo, PhD \u2013 have been using \u201cfimus<\/i>\u201d and \u201cin fimo<\/i>\u201d at international academic conferences to rave reviews. They are quite aware of the whimsical nature of this work. Therefore, just as some scientists have fun with their naming of model organisms \u2013 such as \u201cDumpy\u201d for a mutant model of the classic worm C. elegans<\/i> \u2013 Bhatt and colleagues have devised a playful term for the active enzymes they extract from their in fimo<\/i> samples: poopernatant.<\/p>\n

Bhatt is an assistant professor in the division of gastroenterology and hepatology at the UNC School of Medicine. She uses cutting-edge research tools to investigate reciprocal interactions between intestinal microbiota, pharmaceutical compounds, and the intestines. Grillo is an associate professor of classics at Notre Dame. Redinbo is William R. Kenan Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genomics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.<\/i><\/p>\n

News courtesy of UNC Health Care. Media Contact: Mark Derewicz, 984-974-1915, mark.derewicz@unchealth.unc.edu<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To study gut bacteria, scientists focus much of their attention on excrement, which is teeming with bacteria that used to live in the gastrointestinal tract. For the sake of scientific accuracy, this experimental poop has needed a name. And now it has one thanks to UNC School of Medicine scientist Aadra Bhatt, PhD, and colleagues. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41619,"featured_media":4817,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"layout":"","cellInformation":"","apiCallInformation":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[230,315,10,233,314],"class_list":["post-12005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-2019-faculty-year-review","tag-bhatt-news","tag-news_faculty","tag-news_faculty_s19","tag-redinbo-news","odd"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIn Fimo: Finally a Name for the Experimental Examination of Excrement | Biochemistry and Biophysics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/news\/in-fimo-finally-a-name-for-the-experimental-examination-of-excrement\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"In Fimo: Finally a Name for the Experimental Examination of Excrement | Biochemistry and Biophysics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"To study gut bacteria, scientists focus much of their attention on excrement, which is teeming with bacteria that used to live in the gastrointestinal tract. 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