{"id":12621,"date":"2020-01-22T13:58:05","date_gmt":"2020-01-22T18:58:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/?p=12621"},"modified":"2020-01-28T14:20:04","modified_gmt":"2020-01-28T19:20:04","slug":"the-head-and-the-heart","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/news\/the-head-and-the-heart\/","title":{"rendered":"The head and the heart"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Todd Cohen and Jonathan Schisler \u2014 a neuroscientist and a heart researcher \u2014 began working together in 2016 after meeting for coffee in Marsico Hall. By combining their expertise in protein studies, they strive to develop a potential treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12622\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 1034px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12622 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2020\/01\/Jonathan-Schisler-and-Todd-Cohen-study-proteins-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Schisler and Todd Cohen study proteins\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2020\/01\/Jonathan-Schisler-and-Todd-Cohen-study-proteins-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2020\/01\/Jonathan-Schisler-and-Todd-Cohen-study-proteins-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2020\/01\/Jonathan-Schisler-and-Todd-Cohen-study-proteins-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2020\/01\/Jonathan-Schisler-and-Todd-Cohen-study-proteins-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2020\/01\/Jonathan-Schisler-and-Todd-Cohen-study-proteins-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2020\/01\/Jonathan-Schisler-and-Todd-Cohen-study-proteins-600x337.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2020\/01\/Jonathan-Schisler-and-Todd-Cohen-study-proteins.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Schisler and Todd Cohen study proteins \u2014 Schisler in the heart and Cohen in the brain. (Photo by Alyssa LaFaro)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>They crack jokes. They interrupt each other. They finish each other\u2019s sentences. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/pharm\/directory\/jonathan-c-schisler-phd\/\">Jonathan Schisler<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/neurology\/directory\/todd-j-cohen-phd\/\">Todd Cohen<\/a>\u2019s friendship might remind you of those couples from the vignettes in \u201cWhen Harry Met Sally.\u201d When asked how <em>they<\/em> met, Schisler laughs.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWell, Todd said we met each other years ago [at Duke], which I don\u2019t even remember,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI knew him, but he didn\u2019t know me,\u201d Cohen says. \u201cI admired him from afar. He had no clue who I was.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>While they ended up going separate ways for a while, both eventually landed at UNC to study proteins. As a neuroscientist, Cohen focuses on why proteins aggregate in the brain. And although Schisler, a biochemist, works in a different field, he too studies proteins \u2014 how they form and function in the heart.<\/p>\n<p>Proteins are vital to a variety of processes \u2014 from transporting oxygen to transmitting messages between cells \u2014 and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body\u2019s tissues and organs. So, when they stop working, problems arise. That\u2019s what Cohen and Schisler are focused on.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMultiple diseases can be attributed to proteins not functioning as intended, whether that\u2019s due to mutations, stress, age, radiation. All those things impact how proteins function,\u201d Schisler says. \u201cThat\u2019s why protein research is incredibly foundational to everything we study.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Current protein studies are guiding scientists down a road of endless discoveries, from <a href=\"https:\/\/endeavors.unc.edu\/the-survivors\/\">preserving biological samples<\/a> like blood, human tissues, and vaccines to creating new <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-10-scientists-technology-drug-discovery.html\">therapies for cancer<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/fionamcmillan\/2018\/08\/24\/scientists-have-discovered-the-protein-that-enables-hearing-and-balance\/#3de8f5ce2b3e\">hearing loss<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Cohen and Schisler want to know how to stop proteins from malfunctioning in order to, potentially, reverse the effects of the diseases they cause or prevent them from happening altogether. Specifically, they are looking at how faulty proteins cause Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cellular workhorses <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Imagine how getting behind on your laundry disrupts the synergy of your closet. Shirts drip from shelves, sweaters sit balled up in the corner, socks of all shapes and sizes lie scattered on the floor. While these piles form separately from one another, they eventually combine into one large mass of clothing.<\/p>\n<p>A similar event happens with proteins in the body. When a protein fails to fold properly, it gloms onto other misfolded proteins and forms an aggregate \u2014 in other words, a big pile of stinky laundry. These clumps can become toxic and lead to diseases from cataracts to cystic fibrosis. Proteins are the workhorses for all human cells, and when they malfunction, our bodies just don\u2019t work as well.<\/p>\n<p>Schisler focuses on protein quality control within the heart. Every week, he says, heart cells produce an entirely new set of proteins that allow it to beat consistently. When these proteins stop working and begin to accumulate, heart failure occurs.<\/p>\n<p>A similar thing can happen with proteins in the brain, which lead to diseases like Parkinson\u2019s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington\u2019s, frontal temporal dementia, and Alzheimer\u2019s. Cohen has spent the past decade trying to understand why proteins aggregate. Specifically, he focuses on a protein called tau, which is abundant in neurons.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe field generally thinks if you prevent these proteins from clumping, you\u2019ll cure all these diseases,\u201d Cohen says. \u201cSo if you can prevent tau from forming, you would probably prevent the cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>But how can tau be prevented from forming? Cohen and Schisler may have a solution \u2014 one they\u2019ve been dreaming up since first meeting in 2015. That dream is now on its way to becoming reality thanks to a <a href=\"http:\/\/news.unchealthcare.org\/news\/2019\/march\/cohen-schisler-awarded-3-1-million-alzheimer2019s-grant\">$3.1 million grant<\/a> that the\u00a0 received in 2019 from the National Institute on Aging in early 2019.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Protein purging<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When a brain loses neurons, it\u2019s most likely because of failed tau proteins, according to Cohen. Since 2010, he\u2019s experimented with how different enzymes modify tau, in search of one to stop it from misfolding and forming piles upon piles of dirty laundry in the brain.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI always joke that he\u2019s, like, in \u2018The Matrix\u2019 looking at all these things sprinkling down the screen and it\u2019s tau modifications,\u201d says Schisler, chuckling.<\/p>\n<p>While Cohen was busy decoding tau, Schisler was working with a protein called chip that, turns out, performs a type decluttering session. Chip recruits other proteins into groups and helps them restructure. More specifically, Schisler found that chip was throwing out misfolded forms of tau in the heart. As organizing guru Marie Kondo says: If it does not spark joy, toss it.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnd if it works in the heart,\u201d Cohen says, \u201cwhy not the brain?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In 2016, after reading Schisler\u2019s paper describing chip\u2019s clean-up method, Cohen emailed him almost immediately. They met and quickly realized collaboration was imminent.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWith Todd, I just knew,\u201d Schisler says. \u201cLike I knew with my wife. I thought, <em>This is going to be a beautiful relationship.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSome people just don\u2019t click,\u201d Cohen admits. \u201cEven if it\u2019s the right project at the right time, if you can\u2019t meet and talk about it and it\u2019s not the right fit, it just doesn\u2019t happen.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Refold and reuse <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While Cohen and Schisler have only been working together for a few years, their collaboration has already been a fruitful one. After running some experiments, they aren\u2019t so convinced that chip breaks down and removes tau from the body as previously thought. Instead, they believe chip <em>refolds<\/em> tau in a way that prevents it from building up and causing problems.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cChip reshapes tau \u2014 and that\u2019s not to be taken lightly,\u201d Cohen points out. \u201cYou might think, <em>Oh, it\u2019s just a minor incremental advance<\/em>. It\u2019s an important thing. It makes a world of difference when you\u2019re in a brain and trying to get rid of a protein versus reshaping it. It will change how we treat patients.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If tau is so problematic, why don\u2019t we just remove it? Well, it\u2019s one of the most abundant proteins in the body. And, according to Cohen, researchers still don\u2019t really know what it does beyond providing some stabilization within neurons, so getting rid of it could harm cells in the long term.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere are companies trying to remove it completely,\u201d Cohen says. \u201cBut the problem is, if it\u2019s really important in providing some stability function, you could imagine that people who don\u2019t have tau might have some longer-term problems.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To further explore the purpose of tau, Cohen and Schisler are using their recent grant to run a large-scale study on mice with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Across their lifecycle, they will administer chip to observe how it affects tau at different stages of the disease.<\/p>\n<p>If a chip therapy is utilized in patients with early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s, could it stop the disease from progressing?\u00a0 \u201cThat would be cool,\u201d Schisler says. \u201cBut, to me, the bigger, more exciting question is this: Can we take an animal that already has this bad tau and get rid of it? We want to know if we can affect the disease after it\u2019s already started.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Since most doctors aren\u2019t searching for signs of Alzheimer\u2019s in younger patients, catching it early is rare \u2014 and getting an accurate diagnosis can be frustrating. A diagnosis is more likely to occur in the middle of the disease\u2019s progression. The ability to revert or stop the damage that\u2019s already been done would be a game-changer.<\/p>\n<p>For Cohen and Schisler, the game has just begun. They will spend the next two years continuing to study chip and tau, working to ultimately develop a treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s. They are grateful they don\u2019t have to take on the task alone.<\/p>\n<p><em>Jonathan Schisler is a research assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine within the UNC School of Medicine. He is also a member of the McAllister Heart Institute.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Todd Cohen is an assistant professor in the Department of Neurology within the UNC School of Medicine and a member of the UNC Neuroscience Center. He is also an adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics in the UNC School of Medicine.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>News courtesy of Alyssa LaFaro, UNC Research.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Todd Cohen and Jonathan Schisler began working together in 2016 after meeting for coffee in Marsico Hall. By combining their expertise in protein studies, they strive to develop a potential treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41619,"featured_media":12622,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"layout":"","cellInformation":"","apiCallInformation":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[330,323,10,298,339],"class_list":["post-12621","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-2020-faculty-year-in-review","tag-cohen-lab","tag-news_faculty","tag-news_2020","tag-news_faculty_s20","odd"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The head and the heart | Biochemistry and Biophysics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/news\/the-head-and-the-heart\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The head and the heart | Biochemistry and Biophysics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Todd Cohen and Jonathan Schisler began working together in 2016 after meeting for coffee in Marsico Hall. 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