{"id":4493,"date":"2015-06-02T21:05:00","date_gmt":"2015-06-03T01:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/unc-researchers-create-dna-repair-map-of-the-entire-human-genome\/"},"modified":"2018-08-01T10:41:12","modified_gmt":"2018-08-01T14:41:12","slug":"unc-researchers-create-dna-repair-map-of-the-entire-human-genome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/news\/unc-researchers-create-dna-repair-map-of-the-entire-human-genome\/","title":{"rendered":"UNC researchers create DNA repair map of the entire human genome"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<p class=\"lead\">The new experimental assay can help scientists find the precise locations of repair of DNA damage caused by UV radiation and common chemotherapies. The invention could lead to better cancer drugs or improvements in the potency of existing ones.<\/p>\n<div class=\"image-section\">\n<figure class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium size-full wp-image-4494\" src=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/795\/2018\/07\/unc-researchers-create-dna-repair-map-of-the-entire-human-genome-image2.jpeg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" alt=\"image2\"\/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Aziz Sancar, PhD<br \/>\n    <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"plain\" id=\"parent-fieldname-text\">\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">May 1, 2015<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">CHAPEL HILL, NC \u2013 When the common chemotherapy drugs cisplatin or oxaliplatin hit cancer cells, they damage DNA so that the cells can\u2019t replicate. But the cells have ways to repair the DNA. The cancer drugs aren\u2019t as effective as patients need. Researchers at the UNC School of Medicine and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center have developed a method for finding where this DNA repair happens throughout all of human DNA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">The findings, published in the journal <i>Genes &amp; Development<\/i>, offers scientists a potential way to find and target the proteins cancer cells use to circumnavigate therapy. The benefit of this new method could be more effective and better tolerated classes of cancer therapeutics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">The research, led by Aziz Sancar, MD, PhD, the Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, marks the first time scientists have been able to map the repair of DNA damage over the entire human genome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\u201cNow we can say to a fellow scientist, \u2018tell us the gene you\u2019re interested in or any spot on the genome, and we\u2019ll tell you how it is repaired,\u2019\u201d said Sancar, co-senior author and member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. \u201cOut of six billion base pairs, pick out a spot and we\u2019ll tell you how it is repaired.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">When DNA is damaged, cells use many enzymes to cut the strand of DNA and excise the damaged fragment. Then, other enzymes repair the original DNA so that the cells can function properly. Previously, Sancar\u2019s lab used purified enzymes to discover how this process happens in DNA damaged by UV irradiation and by chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin and oxaliplatin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jinchuan Hu_sancar lab\" height=\"166\" src=\"http:\/\/news.unchealthcare.org\/images\/head-shots\/jinchuan-hu_sancar-lab\/@@images\/f1a0329c-9844-43e6-b7fb-e863950a178c.jpeg\" title=\"Jinchuan Hu_sancar lab\" width=\"250\"\/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">In recent years, Michael Kemp, PhD, a researcher on Sancar\u2019s team found that a particular protein called TFIIH bound tightly to the excised damaged DNA fragment in the test tube. But for this information to be truly useful to biomedical researchers, the experiment needed to be replicated in human cells. Extracting a stable TFIIH-DNA fragment proved difficult. Not until postdoctoral fellow Jinchuan Hu, PhD, co-first author on the <i>Genes &amp; Development<\/i> paper, joined Sancar\u2019s lab could Sancar\u2019s team accomplish the task.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">Through a series of sophisticated experiments with human skin cells, Hu exposed the cells to ultraviolet radiation and used an antibody against the enzyme TFIIH to isolate the enzyme complex with the excised DNA damage. Then he created experimental techniques to pull the enzyme \u2013 as well as the excised DNA fragment it was bound to \u2013 from the cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sheera Adar\" height=\"166\" src=\"http:\/\/news.unchealthcare.org\/images\/head-shots\/sheera-adar\/@@images\/f51d06d9-bac8-4caf-8978-3489c12c6357.jpeg\" title=\"Sheera Adar\" width=\"250\"\/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">The fragment was stable enough for Sancar\u2019s lab to sequence it. Then, Sheera Adar, PhD, fellow postdoc and paper co-first author, and Jason Lieb, PhD, co-senior investigator of the study, used their expertise in computational biology to analyze where the DNA repair happened throughout the entire genome and thus generate a human genome repair map for the first time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SANCAR_DNA REPAIR MAP\" height=\"400\" src=\"http:\/\/news.unchealthcare.org\/images\/science-images\/sancar_dna-repair-map\/@@images\/cdc02b8e-f1e3-4af0-a96f-988d43c2bc23.jpeg\" title=\"SANCAR_DNA REPAIR MAP\" width=\"272\"\/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">Because UV radiation and common chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin cause DNA damage in similar ways, Sancar\u2019s team is now using their new DNA excision repair method \u2013 called XR-Seq \u2013 to study cells affected by cisplatin. They also hope to use it to study the biochemical reactions in animal models with the goal of finding the specific mechanisms that allow cancer cells to repair DNA damage to survive.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\u201cCisplatin is an old drug,\u201d Adar said. \u201cRight now, it\u2019s used with other drugs as a combination therapy. We know these drugs make cancer cells more sensitive to cisplatin. But we don\u2019t really know how they do this. We now have an assay to find out how the cells\u2019 DNA is being repaired. Our goal is to make cancer cells even more sensitive to existing drugs to help patients.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">The research also revealed that parts of the genome scientists previously thought did very little are actually part of this repair process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">On chromosomes, DNA forms genes that create proteins \u2013 the building blocks of life. Between these genes, there are DNA sequences \u2013 simple bits of genetic information.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\u201cPeople have thought that this DNA didn\u2019t do anything,\u201d Adar said. \u201cBut it turns out that proteins bind to these other DNA sequences, and this affects other nearby or far-away genes. Our analysis shows that these DNA regulatory sequences are also being repaired. So, if they\u2019re being repaired, then they\u2019re likely important. And now we can find their locations throughout the genome.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \"><i>Christopher Selby, PhD, a research instructor in the Sancar lab, is also an author on the Genes &amp; Development paper. Lieb, formerly a UNC researcher, is now a professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago. The National Institutes of Health funded this research.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \"><i>Story courtesy of: Mark Derewicz, 919-923-0959, <a href=\"mailto:mark.derewicz@unchealth.unc.edu\">mark.derewicz@unchealth.unc.edu<\/a><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!-- description --> <\/p>\n<p class='lead'>The new experimental assay can help scientists find the precise locations of repair of DNA damage caused by UV radiation and common chemotherapies. The invention could lead to better cancer drugs or improvements in the potency of existing ones.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12066,"featured_media":4494,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"layout":"","cellInformation":"","apiCallInformation":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[10,29,3,49,4,17],"class_list":["post-4493","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-news_faculty","tag-news_2015","tag-news_dept","tag-news_slider","tag-recent-news","tag-sancar_news","odd"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>UNC researchers create DNA repair map of the entire human genome | Biochemistry and Biophysics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/biochem\/news\/unc-researchers-create-dna-repair-map-of-the-entire-human-genome\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"UNC researchers create DNA repair map of the entire human genome | Biochemistry and Biophysics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The new experimental assay can help scientists find the precise locations of repair of DNA damage caused by UV radiation and common chemotherapies. 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