{"id":1004,"date":"2017-03-28T16:06:29","date_gmt":"2017-03-28T16:06:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress-dev.med.unc.edu\/cwhr\/nc-women-at-a-greater-risk-for-poor-mental-health\/"},"modified":"2018-03-28T15:42:23","modified_gmt":"2018-03-28T19:42:23","slug":"nc-women-at-a-greater-risk-for-poor-mental-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/cwhr\/nc-women-at-a-greater-risk-for-poor-mental-health\/","title":{"rendered":"NC women at a greater risk for poor mental health"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- description --><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2906\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 310px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2906\" src=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/cwhr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/412\/2017\/10\/image2-39-300x199.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Depressed woman with hands over her face. Crying.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"lead\">A 2015 survey of North Carolina women found higher rates of depression in the state&#8217;s women compared to men, likely due to adverse childhood events.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"discreet\">Mackenzie Self, Center for Women\u2019s Health Research<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>North Carolina women are at a higher risk for poor mental health due to an increased exposure to stress throughout their lifecycle. The increased prevalence of mental health disorders affects their physical, emotional, psychological and social well-being.<\/p>\n<p>According to the NC Center for Health Statistics, 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 23.2 percent of North Carolina women reported a diagnosis of depression.<\/p>\n<p>North Carolina men self-reported a 13.9 percent diagnosis of depression- almost 10 percent lower than that of North Carolina women.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWomen are exposed to more stress than men in our society,\u201d said Dr. Susan Girdler, professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UNC and clinical researcher in the Center for Mood Disorders. \u201cIn terms of not only being victims, particularly of sexual abuse, we continue to suffer from greater socioeconomic [and caregiver] stress than men.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Victimization and early childhood adversity, according to Dr. Girdler, are accurate predictors of a woman\u2019s mental health later in life. Traumatic events such as childhood sexual or physical abuse often lead to depression in women due to the way in which these events affect one\u2019s physiologic response to stress.<\/p>\n<p>According to the CDC-Kaiser Permanente Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, 15.2 percent of women included in the study had an ACE score of four or more. One\u2019s ACE score indicates the number of adverse childhood experiences he or she had, and the percentage of women was more than five percent higher than that of men who had a score of four or more.<\/p>\n<p>In the specific ACE category of sexual abuse, 24.7 percent of women reported sexual abuse compared to only 16 percent of men.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen this exposure occurs, particularly during critical developmental windows of time\u2014when the brain is still forming and networks are still forming, or critical periods such as during pubertal development\u2014our research has shown that it sets you up for life-long dysregulation in your stress response,\u201d Girdler said. \u201cSo a traumatic event naturally sort of activates this fight or flight stress response.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These events, especially if they repeatedly occur during early life and at times of development, make women more vulnerable when it comes to being able to cope with mild stressors later in life. This, in turn, increases one\u2019s risk for developing depression and anxiety.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to depression, according to Girdler, gender differences don\u2019t emerge until puberty. They last throughout a woman\u2019s adult life and tend to disappear, or diminish, after menopause.<\/p>\n<p>The epidemiological evidence suggests that female sex hormones have a lot to do with mood disorders in women.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe onset of puberty and monthly fluctuations of hormones in the menstrual cycle is one period of increased risk for mood disorders for premenstrual women,\u201d Girdler said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnother is postpartum\u2014the pregnancy and delivery of a baby, that\u2019s a window of increased risk for mood disorders in women, and then during the menopause transition.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This long period throughout a woman\u2019s life in which she has exposure to rapid changes in hormone levels raises the risk of depression, which contributes to the disparity between the number of men and women experiencing depression.<\/p>\n<p>Whether triggered by female sex hormones, early childhood adversity or some other factor, there are forms of intervention that can help those struggling with depression and other types of mental illnesses. Patients have found great success through counseling, medication, and other mainstream treatments. However, Girdler sees the opportunity for even further research in the area of resilience training.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere are a lot of people that are exposed to a lot of horrible things in life, and some people are incredibly resilient\u2014they don\u2019t end up with negative mental health,\u201d Girdler said. \u201cI think that that would be such an important area of research intervention\u2014how to build resilience in people who are faced with adversity.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For victims of childhood sexual abuse, having someone who validates what has happened and intervenes to protect is one form of intervention. Validation seems to play a large role in not only the way people deal with depression and anxiety caused by a traumatic event, but also how high their risk is for developing it.<\/p>\n<p>What many tend to overlook, though, is that mental health isn\u2019t just about whether or not someone suffers from depression, anxiety or some other type of mental illness.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen I think about mental health, I think about overall well-being, you know, just, are you well? Are you functioning at a high level, are you productive, are you able to meet your goals?\u201d Girdler said. \u201cIt also includes stress. That\u2019s your well-being, and that\u2019s related and correlated with mental health.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Mental illness, on the other hand, is more diagnosable. Certain criteria must be present for diagnosis, but it is a continuum. Even if one doesn\u2019t meet specific criteria, that doesn\u2019t mean he or she wouldn\u2019t benefit from some intervention or stress reduction. There are many downstream effects, whether from a diagnosed illness or just a poor state of mental health, such as substance abuse, lack of motivation, poor physical health and eating habits, that can be prevented by using intervention methods on a more common basis.<\/p>\n<p>Healthy People 2020 has set a goal that only 5.8 percent of adults aged 18 and over will experience a depressive episode in their life. Conversely, however, predictions say that, by the year 2020, depression will be the second-most common cause of morbidity worldwide. While we are making strides toward lowering the percentage of women with depression worldwide, in North Carolina, dropping from 23.2 percent to 5.8 percent is a goal that may be too far-fetched.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI do think, unfortunately, there\u2019s still a stigma,\u201d Girdler said.<\/p>\n<p>This stigma is reversible by making mental health a higher priority and discussing it openly.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think it\u2019s all a continuum,\u201d she said, \u201cAnd I think we could all benefit from improving well-being and perspectives in life.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For more information about childhood adverse events and the effects they have on adults later in life, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/acestudy\/about.html\">visit the ACE study website<\/a>, then take <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2015\/03\/02\/387007941\/take-the-ace-quiz-and-learn-what-it-does-and-doesnt-mean.\">an informal evaluation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p><i>The mission of Center for Women\u2019s Health Research (CWHR) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is to improve women\u2019s health through research by focusing on diseases, disorders and conditions that affect women only, women predominately, and\/or women differently than men. Research efforts that require the most attention are identified through the collection and analysis of data for CWHR\u2019s biennial North Carolina Women\u2019s Health Report Card. Current areas of research targeted by the Center include perinatal health, cancers affecting women, obesity, diabetes, women\u2019s cardiovascular health, women\u2019s mental health and substance abuse. <\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>Data collection and analysis for this article courtesy of Elizabeth Chase, a biostatistics and history major at UNC.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A 2015 survey of North Carolina women found higher rates of depression in the state&#8217;s women compared to men, likely due to adverse childhood events. Mackenzie Self, Center for Women\u2019s Health Research North Carolina women are at a higher risk for poor mental health due to an increased exposure to stress throughout their lifecycle. The &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/cwhr\/nc-women-at-a-greater-risk-for-poor-mental-health\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about NC women at a greater risk for poor mental health\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1369,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","odd"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>NC women at a greater risk for poor mental health | Center for Women&#039;s Health Research at UNC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/cwhr\/nc-women-at-a-greater-risk-for-poor-mental-health\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NC women at a greater risk for poor mental health | Center for Women&#039;s Health Research at UNC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A 2015 survey of North Carolina women found higher rates of depression in the state&#8217;s women compared to men, likely due to adverse childhood events. Mackenzie Self, Center for Women\u2019s Health Research North Carolina women are at a higher risk for poor mental health due to an increased exposure to stress throughout their lifecycle. 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