{"id":3995,"date":"2015-10-14T19:50:00","date_gmt":"2015-10-14T23:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/medicine\/nc-researchers-awarded-5-3-million-to-develop-novel-gut-on-a-chip-technology\/"},"modified":"2023-06-06T16:59:07","modified_gmt":"2023-06-06T20:59:07","slug":"nc-researchers-awarded-5-3-million-to-develop-novel-gut-on-a-chip-technology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/medicine\/news\/nc-researchers-awarded-5-3-million-to-develop-novel-gut-on-a-chip-technology\/","title":{"rendered":"UNC researchers awarded $5.3 million to develop novel gut-on-a-chip technology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- description --><\/p>\n<p class=\"lead\">Scientists from the UNC \/ NC State joint biomedical engineering department are creating a new kind of research tool that will be nearly indistinguishable from the human gastrointestinal tract.<\/p>\n<div class=\"image-section\">\n<figure class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.med.unc.edu\/medicine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2018\/12\/nc-researchers-awarded-5-3-million-to-develop-novel-gut-on-a-chip-technology-image2.jpeg\" alt=\"image2\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Clockwise, from top left: Nancy Allbritton, MD, PhD; Scott Bultman, PhD; Scott Magness, PhD; and Shawn Gomez, EngScD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.43em;\">CHAPEL HILL, NC \u2013 A team of researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and NC State University has received a $5.3 million, five-year Transformative Research (R01) Award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to create fully functioning versions of the human gut that fit on a chip the size of a dime.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"content-area\">\n<div id=\"parent-fieldname-text\" class=\"plain\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p>Such \u201corgans-on-a-chip\u201d have become vital for biomedical research, as researchers seek alternatives to animal models for drug discovery and testing. The new grant will fund a technology that represents a major step forward for the field, overcoming limitations that have mired other efforts.<\/p>\n<p>The technology will use primary cells derived directly from human biopsies, which are known to provide more relevant results than the immortalized cell lines used in current approaches. In addition, the device will sculpt these cells into the sophisticated architecture of the gut, rather than the disorganized ball of cells that are created in other miniature organ systems.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe are building a device that goes far beyond the organ-on-a-chip,\u201d said Nancy L. Allbritton, MD, PhD, professor and chair of the UNC-NC State joint department of biomedical engineering and one of four principle investigators on the NIH grant. \u201cWe call it a \u2018simulacrum,\u2019 a term used in science fiction to describe a duplicate. The idea is to create something that is indistinguishable from your own gut.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Allbritton is an expert at microfabrication and microengineering. Also on the team are intestinal stem cell expert Scott T. Magness, PhD, associate professor of medicine, biomedical engineering, and cell and molecular physiology in the UNC School of Medicine; microbiome expert Scott Bultman, PhD, associate professor of genetics in the UNC School of Medicine; and bioinformatics expert Shawn Gomez, associate professor of biomedical engineering at UNC-Chapel Hill and NC State.<\/p>\n<p>The impetus for the \u201corgan-on-chip\u201d movement comes largely from the failings of the pharmaceutical industry. For just a single drug to go through the discovery, testing, and approval process can take as many as 15 years and as much as $5 billion dollars. Animal models are expensive to work with and often don\u2019t respond to drugs and diseases the same way humans do. Human cells grown in flat sheets on Petri dishes are also a poor proxy. Three-dimensional \u201corganoids\u201d are an improvement, but these hollow balls are made of a mishmash of cells that doesn\u2019t accurately mimic the structure and function of the real organ.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 260px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"MAGNESS_crypt_pink\" src=\"http:\/\/news.unchealthcare.org\/images\/science-images\/magness_crypt_pink\/@@images\/e528ddd1-39b5-4e0e-949f-8335afa1988d.jpeg\" alt=\"MAGNESS_crypt_pink\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Schematic of colonic epithelial tissue. Crypt units are pointed down, flat surface faces center of gut tube. Stem cells are red, progenitor cells are pink, differen- tiated cells are grey, blue, and green. Yellow cells are niche cells. Lumenal surface is above crypts.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Basically, the human gut is a 30-foot long hollow tube made up of a continuous single-layer of specialized cells. Regenerative stem cells reside deep inside millions of small pits or \u201ccrypts\u201d along the tube, and mature differentiated cells are linked to the pits and live further out toward the surface. The gut also contains trillions of microbes, which are estimated to outnumber human cells by ten to one. These diverse microbial communities \u2013 collectively known as the microbiota \u2013 process toxins and pharmaceuticals, stimulate immunity, and even release hormones to impact behavior.<\/p>\n<p>To create a dime-sized version of this complex microenvironment, the UNC-NC State team borrowed fabrication technologies from the electronics and microfluidics world. The device is composed of a polymer base containing an array of imprinted or shaped \u201chydrogels,\u201d a mesh of molecules that can absorb water like a sponge. These hydrogels are specifically engineered to provide the structural support and biochemical cues for growing cells from the gut. Plugged into the device will be various kinds of plumbing that bring in chemicals, fluids, and gases to provide cues that tell the cells how and where to differentiate and grow. For example, the researchers will engineer a steep oxygen gradient into the device that will enable oxygen-loving human cells and anaerobic microbes to coexist in close proximity.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 210px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"MAGNESS_TOP VIEW_scaffold\" src=\"http:\/\/news.unchealthcare.org\/images\/science-images\/magness_top-view_scaffold\/@@images\/6bfdd82a-e360-4e96-8c58-f4ed7b611f87.jpeg\" alt=\"MAGNESS_TOP VIEW_scaffold\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Top down view of gut tissue monolayer grown on an engin- eered scaffold, which guides the cells into organized crypt structures similar to the conform- ation of crypts in the human colon. Areas between the circles represent the flat lumenal surface.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cThe underlying concept \u2013 to simply grow a piece of human tissue in a dish \u2013 doesn\u2019t seem that groundbreaking,\u201d said Magness. \u201cWe have been doing that for a long time with cancer cells, but those efforts do not replicate human physiology. Using native stem cells from the small intestine or colon, we can now develop gut tissue layers in a dish that contains stem cells and all the differentiated cells of the gut. That is the thing stem cell biologists and engineers have been shooting for, to make real tissue behave properly in a dish to create better models for drug screening and cell-based therapies. With this work, we made a big leap toward that goal.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Right now, the team has a working prototype that can physically and chemically guide mouse intestinal stem cells into the appropriate structure and function of the gut. For several years, Magness has been isolating and banking human stem cells from samples from patients undergoing routine colonoscopies at UNC Hospitals.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 260px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"MAGNESS_BLUE_SIDE VIEW CRYPTS\" src=\"http:\/\/news.unchealthcare.org\/images\/science-images\/magness_blue_side-view-crypts\/@@images\/d1ac2ea8-f60d-4920-9a3c-e7b529ead47c.jpeg\" alt=\"MAGNESS_BLUE_SIDE VIEW CRYPTS\" width=\"250\" height=\"243\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Fluorescent images of the side view of two synthetic crypts. Blue: nuclei of the cells. Red: proliferating stem cells in similar location to those in the human colon.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As part of the grant, he will work with the rest of the team to apply these stem cells to the new device and create \u201csimulacra\u201d that are representative of each patient\u2019s individual gut. The approach will enable researchers to explore in a personalized way how both the human and microbial cells of the gut behave during healthy and diseased states.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHaving a system like this will advance microbiota research tremendously,\u201d said Bultman. \u201cRight now microbiota studies involve taking samples, doing sequencing, and then compiling an inventory of all the microbes in the disease cases and healthy controls. These studies just draw associations, so it is difficult to glean cause and effect. This device will enable us to probe the microbiota, and gain a better understanding of whether changes in these microbial communities are the cause or the consequence of disease.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><i>The studies proposed are only possible because of the multidisciplinary expertise of the principle investigators who are supported by key scientists and trainees: Chris Sims, MD, Yuli Wang, PhD, Dulan Gunasekara, PhD, Jennifer Speer, Johanna Dutton, Ian Williamson, Bailey Altizer, Liam Gaynor, and Darcy Holley.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Media contacts: Mark Derewicz, UNC School of Medicine, 919.923.0959, <a href=\"mailto:mark.derewicz@unchealth.unc.edu\">mark.derewicz@unchealth.unc.edu<\/a>; Thania Benios, UNC-Chapel Hill, 919-962-8596, <a href=\"mailto:thania_benios@unc.edu\">thania_benios@unc.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"viewlet-below-content-body\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"viewlet-below-content\">\n<div id=\"portlets-below\" class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"cell BelowPortletManager4 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